Uso de monensina sódica en el cultiva de camarón marino Litopenaeus vannamei para el tratamiento de gregarinas en la Cooperativa Fauna Silvestre, Bahía de Jiquilisco: en asocio con Cooperativa Fauna Silvestre / Use of monensin sodium in the cultivation of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei for the treatment of gregarines in Cooperativa Fauna Silvestre, Bahía de Jiquilisco: in association with Cooperativa Fauna Silvestre

Este proyecto estuvo orientado a evaluar el efecto del producto veterinario Monensina Sódica, un anticoccídico utilizado actualmente en el cultivo de camarón marino de la especie Litopennaeus vannamei para el tratamiento de la parasitósis por gregarinas. Durante la investigación se identificó la presencia de gregarinas en los estanques de la Cooperativa Fauna Silvestre; se estableció el porcentaje de la población infectada por gregarinas y se determinó el grado de afectación que presenta el cultivo, información que permitió seleccionar el estanque donde se instalaron tres japas, cada una con una dimensión de tres metros de largo por un metro y medio de ancho y un metro de profundidad; en cada japa se colocaron 100 camarones procedentes del mismo estanque. La aplicación del tratamiento fue por un periodo de 5 días, el cual consistió en evaluar el efecto de dos tratamientos con dosis de 8 y 10 gramos de Monensina Sódica por cada kilogramo de alimento que se suministra por separado a los camarones de las japas uno y dos; el tercer grupo de camarones será la japa testigo en el estudio. Posteriormente se evaluó el crecimiento de los camarones tratados durante un ciclo de cultivo y se comparó con los camarones que no recibieron tratamiento. Las muestras de camarón tomadas en campo fueron trasladadas en bolsas con agua y oxígeno hacia el laboratorio del Centro Regional MEGATEC La Unión, donde fueron procesadas mediante el método de análisis en fresco, método que permitió identificar el grado de infestación del parásito que se aloja en el intestino del camarón. Las muestras se tomaron antes y después de iniciar el tratamiento con Monensina Sódica. Durante la toma y procesamiento de las muestras se contó con la participación de estudiantes del Técnico en Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costero Marinos, con la finalidad de fortalecer sus capacidades mediante la aplicación de procedimiento, para detectar de forma temprana la presencia de Gregarinas en los cultivos de camarón marino.

This project was aimed at evaluating the effect of the veterinary product Monensin Sodium, an anticoccidic currently used in the culture of marine shrimp of the Litopennaeus vannamei species for the treatment of gregarine parasitosis. During the investigation, the presence of gregarines was identified in the ponds of the Cooperativa Fauna Silvestre; The percentage of the population infected by gregarines was established and the degree of affectation presented by the crop was determined, information that allowed selecting the pond where three japas were installed, each one with a dimension of three meters long by one and a half meters of width and a meter deep; 100 shrimp from the same pond were placed in each japa. The application of the treatment was for a period of 5 days, which consisted of evaluating the effect of two treatments with doses of 8 and 10 grams of Monensin sodium for each kilogram of food that is supplied separately to the shrimp of japas one and one. two; the third group of shrimp will be the control japa in the study. Subsequently, the growth of the treated shrimp was evaluated during a culture cycle and compared with the shrimp that did not receive treatment. The shrimp samples taken in the field were transferred in bags with water and oxygen to the laboratory of ITCA-FEPADE MEGATEC La Unión, where they were processed using the fresh analysis method, a method that allowed identifying the degree of infestation of the parasite that is housed in the intestine of the shrimp. The samples were taken before and after starting the treatment with Monensin sodium. During the taking and processing of the samples, students from the Technician in Integrated Management of Coastal Marine Resources participated, in order to strengthen their capacities through the application of a procedure to detect early the presence of Gregarines in crops. of marine shrimp.

Incidencia de parásitos y bacterias del genero vibrio en el cultivo de camarón marino desarrollados en cooperativas camaroneras del municipio de Jiquilisco, Departamento de Usulután / Incidence of parasites and bacteria of the vibrio genus in the marine shrimp culture developed in shrimp cooperatives of the municipality of Jiquilisco, Department of Usulután

En El Salvador el 59.3% del camarón marino de la especie Litopenaeus vannamei se produce en la Bahía de Jiquilisco, departamento de Usulután, el cultivo tiene una duración de 60 a 90 días y el peso de cosecha oscila entre 7 y 12 gramos. El bajo crecimiento y las altas mortalidades son problemas que preocupan a este sector productivo. Por esta razón la Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA-FEPADE a través de la carrera de Gestión Integral de Recursos Marino Costeros, desarrolló una investigación aplicada orientada a identificar la existencia de parásitos y bacterias del género Vibrio en los cultivos de camarón marino que se desarrollan en la zona de Salinas del Potrero y El Zompopero, así como evaluar su incidencia en el cultivo. Con la investigación se detectó la presencia de cinco géneros de parásitos que están presentes en branquias, intestinos y urópodos en el cultivo de camarón marino en grado 1 y 2; ambas categorías se consideran las etapas iniciales de propagación de los parásitos. También se evidenció a través del análisis bacteriológico en el medio de cultivo TCBS, la presencia de bacterias del genero Vibrio en agua, sedimento y camarón.

In El Salvador, 59.3% of the marine shrimp of the Litopenaeus vannamei species is produced in the Bay of Jiquilisco, department of Usulután, the culture lasts from 60 to 90 days and the harvest weight ranges between 7 and 12 grams. Low growth and high mortality are problems that concern this productive sector. For this reason, Escuela Espcializada en Ingeniería ITCA-FEPADE , through the major of Gestión Integral de Recursos Marino Costeros, developed an applied research aimed at identifying the existence of parasites and bacteria of the genus Vibrio in marine shrimp cultures that develop in the area of ​​Salinas del Potrero and El Zompopero, as well as evaluating their impact on the crop. The investigation detected the presence of five types of parasites that are present in gills, intestines and uropods in marine shrimp culture in grade 1 and 2; Both categories are considered the initial stages of parasite spread. The presence of Vibrio bacteria in water, sediment and shrimp is also evidenced through bacteriological analysis in the TCBS culture medium.

Current status of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Ecuador

A review of national and international publications on paragonimiasis in Ecuador, epidemiological records from the Ministry of Public Health and unpublished research data was conducted to summarise the current status of the parasite/disease. The purpose of the review is to educate physicians, policy-makers and health providers on the status of the disease and to stimulate scientific investigators to conduct further research. Paragonimiasis was first diagnosed in Ecuador 94 years ago and it is endemic to both tropical and subtropical regions in 19 of 24 provinces in the Pacific Coast and Amazon regions. Paragonimus mexicanus is the only known species in the country, with the mollusc Aroapyrgus colombiensis and the crabs Moreirocarcinus emarginatus, Hypolobocera chilensis and Hypolobocera aequatorialis being the primary and secondary intermediate hosts, respectively. Recent studies found P. mexicanus metacercariae in Trichodactylus faxoni crabs of the northern Amazon. Chronic pulmonary paragonimiasis is commonly misdiagnosed and treated as tuberculosis and although studies have demonstrated the efficacy of praziquantel and triclabendazole for the treatment of human infections, neither drug is available in Ecuador. Official data recorded from 1978-2007 indicate an annual incidence of 85.5 cases throughout the 19 provinces, with an estimated 17.2% of the population at risk of infection. There are no current data on the incidence/prevalence of infection, nor is there a national control programme.

Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea

The present study investigated the infection status of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae in freshwater crabs (n = 363) and crayfish (n = 31) from October 2007 to October 2008 using the crush method. All of the freshwater crabs, Eriocheir japonicus, were negative for P. westermani metacercariae while 10 (32.3%) of the 31 examined crayfish were positive. The 10 positive crayfish were caught in Haenam, Jeollanam-do, and there were 8-59 (mean 28.4) metacrcariae per infected crayfish. These results suggest that P. westermani metacerariae are still transmitted by crayfish enzootically in southern Korea, and that freshwater crabs may transmit metacercariae only on rare occasions.

A 27 kDa Cysteine Protease Secreted by Newly Excysted Paragonimus westermani Metacercariae Induces Superoxide Anion Production and Degranulation of Human Eosinophils

Eosinophil degranulation plays a crucial role in tissue inflammatory reactions associated with helminth parasitic nfections and allergic diseases. Paragonimus westermani, a lung fluke causing human paragonimiasis, secretes a large amount of cysteine proteases, which are involved in nutrient uptake, tissue invasion, and modulation of hos's immune responses. There is, however, limited information about the response of eosinophils to direct stimulation by cysteine proteases (CP) secreted by P. westermani. In the present study, we tested whether degranulation and superoxide production from human eosinophils can be induced by stimulation of the 2 CP (27 kDa and 28 kDa) purified from excretory-secretory products (ESP) of P. westermani newly excysted metacercariae (PwNEM). A large quantity of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) was detected in the culture supernatant when human eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood were incubated with the purified 27 kDa CP. Furthermore, the 27 kDa CP induced superoxide anion production by eosinophils in time- and dose-dependent manners. In contrast, the purified 28 kDa CP did not induce superoxide production and degranulation. These findings suggest that the 27 kDa CP secreted by PwNEM induces superoxide production and degranulation of human eosinophils, which may be involved in eosinophil-mediated tissue inflammatory responses during the larval migration in human paragonimiasis.

Molecular and biochemical characterization of hemoglobinase, a cysteine proteinase, in Paragonimus westermani

The mammalian trematode Paragonimus westermani is a typical digenetic parasite, which can cause paragonimiasis in humans. Host tissues and blood cells are important sources of nutrients for development, growth and reproduction of P. westermani. In this study, a cDNA clone encoding a 47 kDa hemoglobinase of P. westermani was characterized by sequencing analysis, and its localization was investigated immunohistochemically. The phylogenetic tree prepared based on the hemoglobinase gene showed high homology with hemoglobinases of Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma spp. Moreover, recombinant P. westermani hemoglobinase degradaded human hemoglobin at acidic pH (from 3.0 to 5.5) and its activity was almost completely inhibited by E-64, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Immunohistochemical studies showed that P. westermani hemoglobinase was localized in the epithelium of the adult worm intestine implying that the protein has a specific function. These observations suggest that hemoglobinase may act as a digestive enzyme for acquisition of nutrients from host hemoglobin. Further investigations may provide insights into hemoglobin catabolism in P. westermani.

Recovery, growth and development of Macroorchis spinulosus in albino rats

The developmental features, growth and organogenesis of Macroorchis spinulosus were observed in albino rats. Globular and thick walled metacercariae, possessed a stylet, Y-shaped excretory bladder and extracecal testes. In albino rats, M. spinulosus showed habitat shifting. The majority of M. spinulosus reside in the jejunum for the first four days post infection (p.i.) and migrate to the duodenum at the later stage of infection. M. spinulosus grew rapidly during the first four days and reached full maturity at 14 days p.i. and later reduced in size. The ovary was separated from the genital primodium at one day p.i. The seminal vesicle appeared on the third day and divided into two sacs on the fourth day p.i. and intrauterine eggs and sperm mass were produced on the fourth day. Organogenesis and enlargement of reproductive organs governed the growth of M. spinulosus. The similarity of related species of the genus Macroorchis to M. spinulosus was discussed in consideration to developmental features.

Effect of fixed epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi on the hemocytes and the prophenoloxidase-activating system of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus

The effect of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi on the hemocystes and the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was studied. Incubation of the crayfish hemocyte lysate with fixed epimastigote forms of the parasites (4 x 10(5) cells/ml) induced a marked activation of the crayfish proPO system, measured as phenoloxidase activity. The activation of proPO by the parasite was much stronger (7-fold) than that induced by beta-1,3-glucans (1 mg/ml) which are known to be efficient elicitors of the proPO system. The fixed parasites promoted the spreading and degranulation of different populations of the crayfish hemocytes isolated by Percoll gradients, and were often observed to be attached to the crayfish hemocytes in rosette-like fashion. The attachment of the epimastigote forms of T. cruzi to the crayfish blood cell surface was not dependent on the adhesive 76-kDa protein released by the crayfish hemocytes, since the exocytotic inhibitor SITS and monospecific antibodies to the 76-kDa protein did not prevent parasite adhesion. The crayfish hemocytes apparently are able to phagocytose the fixed epimastigote forms of T. cruzi in vitro.

Microphallus fonti sp. n. (Digenea: Microphaliidae) from the red swamp crawfish in southern United States

A new species of digenean, Microphallus fonti, is described from the red swamp crawfish in Lousiania, U.S.A. It has a small pharynx and a rudimentary gut like M. opacus and a possibly related species from crayfishes, but it differs from them by its relatively large male copulatory papilla and a conspicuous metraterm

Paragonimus peruvianus: metacercarias en nuevo hospedador intermediario, Hypolobocera chilensis de la provincia de San Miguel, Cajamarca / Paragonimus peruvianus: metacercaries in a new intermediate host. Hypolobocera chilensis: San Miguel Province, Cajamarca, Peru.

Se identifica por primera vez en el Perú, metacercarias de Paragonimus peruvianus, en un nuevo hospedador intermediario: Hypolobocera chilensis, parasitado en un 58 por ciento oriundos de los Distritos de Nanchoc y San gregorio de la provincia de San Miguel, Cajamarca, Perú